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- ESSAY, Page 126Communism Confronts Its Children
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- By Richard Hornik
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- Attempts at economic and political reform in China, the
- Soviet Union and other Communist countries often seem to consist
- of two steps forward and one or even two steps back. In China
- the recent rash of student-led mass demonstrations is just the
- latest manifestation of deep public discontent over the price
- of economic reform. In the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev's
- position has been similarly threatened as the benefits of
- perestroika have thus far failed to match the short-term costs.
-
- Although selfish resistance by entrenched bureaucrats is
- usually cited by reformers as their biggest obstacle, the lack
- of popular understanding of and support for the needed changes
- is equally important. Contrary to what Westerners think, the
- majority of citizens in these countries have found their lives
- tolerable, at least until recently. While it is true that they
- grumble about long lines and shortages, workers also appreciate
- guaranteed employment and low prices for life's necessities --
- housing, medical care, basic foods. Their education and
- everything they have heard from the media have led them to
- expect that they could enjoy economic benefits equal to those
- of capitalism with none of the risks or pain.
-
- The rulers of the Communist world are reaping the results
- of decades of propaganda aimed at ensuring control in backward
- peasant societies. During the early days of the cold war, when
- it seemed that nothing could contain the virus of Communist
- expansion, pundits attempted to assure the West that most
- Marxist regimes took power only with the force of outside arms.
- On its own, Communism took root only in benighted countries like
- czarist Russia and feudal China. The more advanced countries of
- Eastern Europe -- Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland -- had the
- Marxist-Leninist system thrust upon them on the point of a
- Soviet Red Army bayonet.
-
- Although much was made by Western observers of the original
- vulnerability of backward, predominantly peasant societies to
- a Marxist takeover, little attention has been paid to the effect
- of that characteristic on their subsequent development. The
- Marxist-Leninist regimes of the Soviet Union and China, as well
- as their variants in Cuba, Albania and North Korea, relied on
- the peasant mentality of the majority of their populations.
- Beyond making it possible for well-organized, small
- revolutionary groups to take power, this attribute also enabled
- them to consolidate power after the revolution and maintain
- control as the regime matured.
-
- Unlike America's yeoman farmers, the East European, Russian
- and Asian peasants were unlikely to own full title to their
- land or to produce more than their family and feudal overlord
- consumed. Their impoverished rural existence fostered these
- attributes of peasant societies: a leveling egalitarianism that
- prefers to see a neighbor fail in any efforts at improving his
- lot; envy that a neighbor may be better off, coupled with a
- belief that he must have cheated; suspicion of anything new,
- since most changes were for the worst; rampant superstition;
- and, finally, an unquestioning acceptance of a higher, distant
- authority, like the "Good Czar" in Russia or his Chinese
- counterpart, the "Good Emperor."
-
- In the 1920s the Soviet leadership talked of engaging in
- social engineering through education and propaganda to transform
- its feudal subjects into enlightened socialists -- a "Homo
- sovieticus" who would be compassionate and informed. Instead,
- these regimes found it easier to control their citizens by
- reinforcing their worst instincts, most of which derived from
- peasant attitudes.
-
- Citizens have been encouraged to report any suspicious
- behavior by neighbors, particularly if it involved contact with
- foreigners. Former Chinese Red Guards say most of the targets
- of the Cultural Revolution were actually victims of petty local
- vendettas. In the Soviet Union informing on one's fellow man was
- taken so far that Pavlik Morozov became a national hero for
- ratting on his father. And all across the socialist world
- workers were repeatedly assured that they need not fear -- that
- no matter how little they worked, no one would live better than
- they.
-
- These regimes have succeeded only in transplanting the
- peasant mentality to an industrial economy, creating a retarded
- form of industrial feudalism. It is that system that
- Gorbachev's perestroika and Deng Xiaoping's "Four
- Modernizations" seek to reform. But in China factory workers
- have shunned colleagues who earned incentive bonuses, or gone
- on strike to prevent introduction of such bonuses. Their
- proletarian comrades in the Soviet Union have reportedly downed
- tools for higher pay, while others burned a prosperous
- collective that raised pigs because it was too successful. In
- Poland the economic program of Solidarity runs directly counter
- to any efforts at reform. It demands higher wages, stable prices
- and job security. In China efforts to decentralize decision
- making have resulted in economic anarchy as local authorities
- assumed the power to tax or even create money that citizens had
- earlier unquestioningly granted to the Emperor or Mao. And in
- all three countries housewives, unable to make the connection
- between higher prices and availability, complain about paying
- several times the old official prices for food that was never
- available at the government-set level.
-
- The challenge is to change gradually the prejudices that
- these regimes have cynically cultivated since taking power. Ways
- must be found to teach people that a gain for one is not
- necessarily a loss for another, that long-term improvements may
- require short-term sacrifices, that some changes are for the
- good, that it is their responsibility to keep local authorities
- in line. Only that sociological change will make possible the
- economic and political reforms that Gorbachev, Deng and other
- reformers insist are necessary. Thus far, no Communist regime
- has found a way out of this dilemma. Lenin once said, "Give me
- four years to teach the children, and the seed I have sown will
- never be uprooted." His political heirs are finding that it is
- a difficult task indeed.
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